Predatory behaviour of an invasive amphipod in response to varying conspecific densities under higher-order predation risk
نویسندگان
چکیده
Behavioural responses of invasive animals to biotic interactions can inform predictions of their consumptive impacts; however, such biotic contexts are often overlooked. Here, we assessed the interacting effect of conspecific and higher-order predation risk on the per capita consumption and behaviours of the invasive freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex, using field microcosm and video-recorded lab experiments in Northern Ireland. Gammarus pulex exhibited higher per capita consumption in the presence of conspecifics, owing to reduced handling time of prey, regardless of fish presence and despite reduced swimming time and increased time spent physically interacting with each other. Consumption was lower in the presence of fish in the field, and handling time decreased with greater amphipod densities in the presence of fish cue in the lab. Our results show that impacts of G. pulex are independently influenced by conspecifics and predation risk, whereas handling time revealed an interacting effect of conspecific density and predation risk. Further assessments of the responses of invasive animals to biotic interactions could help explain variability in their impacts at local spatial scales. Résumé : Si les réponses comportementales d’animaux envahissants à des interactions biotiques peuvent éclairer la prédiction des impacts de ces dernières sur la consommation, bien souvent, ces contextes biotiques ne sont pas pris en considération. Nous avons évalué les effets interactifs des risques que présentent les conspécifiques et la prédation par des espèces d’ordre supérieur sur la consommation individuelle et les comportements de l’amphipode d’eau douce envahissant Gammarus pulex, en utilisant des expériences de terrain enmicrocosme et des expériences en laboratoire enregistrées sur vidéo en Irlande duNord. LesG. pulex présentaient une consommation individuelle plus élevée en présence de conspécifiques en raison du temps demanipulation des proies plus court, peu importe si des poissons étaient présents, et malgré des temps de nage plus faibles et plus de temps passé à interagir physiquement entre eux. La consommation était plus faible en présence de poissons sur le terrain, et le temps de manipulation diminuait pour de plus grandes densités d’amphipodes en présence de signaux de poisson en laboratoire. Les résultats montrent que les conspécifiques et le risque de prédation exercent des influences indépendantes sur les impacts de G. pulex, alors que les temps demanipulation révèlent un effet interactif de la densité de conspécifiques et du risque de prédation. D’autres évaluations des réponses d’animaux envahissants à des interactions biotiques pourraient aider à expliquer la variabilité de leurs impacts à des échelles spatiales locales. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
منابع مشابه
Predicting invasive species impacts: a community module functional response approach reveals context dependencies
Predatory functional responses play integral roles in predator-prey dynamics, and their assessment promises greater understanding and prediction of the predatory impacts of invasive species. Other interspecific interactions, however, such as parasitism and higher-order predation, have the potential to modify predator-prey interactions and thus the predictive capability of the comparative functi...
متن کاملInteractive effects of predation risk and conspecific density on the nutrient stoichiometry of prey
The mere presence of predators (i.e., predation risk) can alter consumer physiology by restricting food intake and inducing stress, which can ultimately affect prey-mediated ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling. However, many environmental factors, including conspecific density, can mediate the perception of risk by prey. Prey conspecific density has been defined as a fundamental featur...
متن کاملIntraguild predation reduces redundancy of predator species in multiple predator assemblage.
1. Interference between predator species frequently decreases predation rates, lowering the risk of predation for shared prey. However, such interference can also occur between conspecific predators. 2. Therefore, to understand the importance of predator biodiversity and the degree that predator species can be considered functionally interchangeable, we determined the degree of additivity and r...
متن کاملFish odour triggers conspecific attraction behaviour in an aquatic invertebrate.
Group living has evolved as an adaptation to predation in many animal species. In a multitude of vertebrates, the tendency to aggregate varies with the risk of predation, but experimental evidence for this is less well known in invertebrates. Here, we examine the tendency to aggregate in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex in the absence and presence of predator fish odour. Without fish odou...
متن کاملPhenotypic modifications to conspecific density arising from predation risk assessment
Organisms often perceive predation risk through visual, auditory, or chemical cues that accompany or persist after an attack on other prey individuals. In this paper an argument is developed that suggests that it is adaptive for species that use such indirect cues to include conspecific density in the assessment of predation risk, and to respond to conspecific density by modifying phenotype (e....
متن کامل